Finland (Suomi)

Suomi' is a shortened form of 'Suomen tasavalta' or 'Republic of Finland'.

Capital : Helsinki (Helsingfors)

Provinces (läänit)

Hame (Hämeen lääni), Keski-Suomen lääni, Kuopion lääni, Lappi (Lapin lääni), Mikkeli (Mikkelin lääni), Oulu (Oulun Lääni), Turun ja Porin lääni, Uudenmaan Lääni, Vaasen Lääni, Kymi (Kymen lääni), Pohjois-Karjalan lääni (Northern Carelia) Uusimaa (Uudenmaan lääni), Ahvenanmaa Islands (Ahvenanmaan maakunta)

Mikkeli, Oulu, Turku, Pori, Vaasa and Kuopio are Finnish towns with the -n ending signifying a genitive and 'lääni' being a governmental district similar to an English county. 'Lappi' is the Finnish for Lapland. The governmental districts were changed recently and there are now only five major provinces: Etelä-Suomen lääni (southern Finland), Itä-Suomen lääni (eastern Finland) Länsi-Suomen lääni (western Finland), Oulun lääni and Lapin lääni

Ahvenanmaa is a group of Swedish speaking islands whose possession was disputed by Finland and Sweden in the 1920s after Finnish independence. Finland recognises Swedish as an official language with Finnish but it is only spoken by about 6% of the population and the Swedish claim that Ahvenmaa is culturally, historically and linguistically part of Sweden had some basis in fact but Finland would not give it up. The commonwealth of nations judged it to be part of Finland on condition that the area was demilitarised and its cultural and linguistic features were protected. Even today, owning land is almost impossible to anyone born outside Ahvenanmaa, and services available in Finnish are scarce. The people of Ahvenanmaa are exempt from military service and the Finns have no military installations on the islands. There is special legislation concerning Ahvenanmaa and it has a separate parliament with legislative power over the internal matters of the archipelago.

History

Though the Finnish language is, along with its close neighbours, Lapp, Estonian and Karelian and more distant relatives, Vogul, Ostiak, Permian, Mordvinian and Magyar, a survivor from the ancient Finno-Ungrian languages which had a possible Asian origin, it has been heavily influenced from the Viking era onwards by a Norse element from the neighbouring Scandinavian countries. The name 'Finland' comes from the Latin 'Fennia' which became Finland or Finmark in Swedish.

Sweden, under whose rule Finland was for seven centuries, Tsarist Russia, to which it was linked for over a century after 1809 and Christianity have introduced many new elements to the Finnish language and naming stock. It is now possible to find a large number of Swedish surnames and personal names existing in conjunction with the original Finnish stock despite Finland gaining independence under the world's first democratically elected socialist prime minister in 1917.

Finnish Names

Male

Aalto	Aapeli	Aapo	Aappo	Aaro	Aarre
Ahti	Ahto	Ahvo	Aimo	Aki	Aku
Alpi	Alpo	Altti	Alvi	Ano	Anssi
Arhippa	Arho	Ari	Armas	Arsi	Arvi
Arvo	Asko	Asmo	Atro	Atso	Atte
Auli	Aulis	Auno	Auvo	Eelis	Eero
Eetu	Eikki	Ensio	Erkka?	Erkki	Erno
Esa	Esko	Harri	Heikki	Heimo	Herkko
Hiski	Iikka	Iiri	Iiro	Ilari	Ilkka
Ilmari	Ilmo	Ilpo	Ilppo	Immo	Into
Isko	Ismo	Isto	Jaakko	Jalmari	Jalo
Jari	Jori	Jorma	Jyri	Jyrki	Kaapo
Kaappo	Kaapro	Kalervo	Kaleva	Kalevi	Kalle
Kauko	Kauno	Kauto	Keijo	Keimo	Kerkko
Kuisma	Kullervo	Lasse	Lassi	Launo	Lyly
Mainio	Manne	Manu	Mauno	Maunu	Mies
Nuutti	Nyyrikki	Ohto	Oiva	Okko	Onni
Orvo	Osmo	Ossi	Otso	Paavo	Päiviö
Päivö	Panu	Pasi	Pellervo	Pentti	Pirkka
Pyry	Raimo	Raino	Rami	Ransu	Rauli
Rauno	Reijo	Reima	Reino	Reko	Reku
Rieti	Riku	Ruupeni	Ruupo	Sakari	Saku
Sampo	Samppa	Sampsa	Santeri	Santtu	Seppo
Sipi	Sippo	Soini	Sulevi	Sulho	Sulo
Taaveti	Taavetti	Taavi	Tahvo	Taisto	Taito
Tapio	Tarmo	Tarvo	Tatu	Tauno	Teemu
Teijo	Tenho	Teppo	Terho	Terjo	Tero
Teuvo	Toimi	Toivo	Topi	Touko	Turkka
Turo	Tuukka	Tuure	Ukko	Untamo	Unto
Uolevi	Uoti	Urho	Urmas	Urpo	Usko
Uuno	Väinämö	Väinö	Valio	Valo	Valto
Veijo	Veikko	Veiko	Veini	Veli	Vesa
Vilho	Viljo	Vilppu	Visa	Voitto	Ylermi
Yrjänä

Female

Aamu	Aija	Aila	Aili	Aina	Aini
Ainikki	Aino	Aira	Airi	Ansa	Anu
Arja	Armi	Auli	Aulikki	Aune	Auni
Aura	Auri	Eija	Eila	Eine	Eini
Eira	Enni	Erja	Erkka	Essi	Henna
Henni	Heta	Hilja	Hilkka	Hilla	Hille
Hillevi	Hilma	Hilppa	Iida	Iina	Ilma
Ilmatar	Ilmi	Ilta	Immi	Impi	Inari
Inka	Inkeri	Irja	Iro	Jatta	Kaino
Kaisa	Kaisu	Kanerva	Kastehelmi	Kerttu	Kerttuli
Kielo	Kukka	Kylli	Kyllikki	Lahja	Laina
Lauha	Lemmikki	Lempi	Lilja	Lilli	Lumi
Lumikki	Lyyli	Maija	Maiju	Maikki	Maila
Maili	Mailis	Maini	Manta	Mattila	Meeri
Meri	Merja	Mervi	Mia	Mielikki	Miia
Miimu	Milja	Milla	Mimmi	Minttu	Mira
Mirja	Mirka	Mirkka	Mirva	Nea	Neea
Oili	Oivi	Onerva	Orvokki	Osma	Outi
Päivä	Päivi	Päivikki	Pälvi	Pilvi	Pinja
Pirita	Piritta	Pirjo	Pirkko	Pulmu	Raija
Raila	Raili	Raita	Rauha	Rauna	Rauni
Reija	Riikka	Riina	Ritva	Roine?	Ruusu
Saana	Säde	Saija	Saila	Saima	Saimi
Saini	Salme	Sanelma	Sani	Sanna	Sanni
Satu	Seija	Selja	Senja	Senni	Siiri
Silja	Sini	Sinikka	Sirja	Sirke	Sirkka
Sirkku	Sirpa	Sisko	Sivi	Sohvi	Soila
Soile	Soili	Sointu	Solja	Sorja	Suila
Suoma	Suometar	Suvi	Taija	Taimi	Taina
Talvikki	Tarja	Taru	Teija	Tellervo	Terhi
Terhikki	Terttu	Titta	Toini	Tuija	Tuire
Tuomi	Tuovi	Tutta	Tuttu	Tuukka	Tuula
Tuuli	Tuulia	Tuulikki	Tuure	Tyni	Tytti
Tyyne	Tyyni	Ulpu	Unelma	Uolevi	Uula
Valma	Valpuri	Vanamo	Vappu	Varma	Varpu
Vaula	Vellamo	Venla	Viena	Vieno	Viivi
Virpi	Virva	Virve	Vuokko

Like most countries, modern Finland uses names from many sources so those in the list above may not all be of Finnish origin. The following lists contain some of the more obvious imports.

Norse

About 6.6% of the population is Swedish.

Male

Aarne	Aarni	Aarno	Akseli	Aslak	Eerikki
Einari	Eino	Eskil	Hemminki	Hemmo	Iivari
Iivo	Kalle	Kari	Karri	Kustavi	Lars
Niilo	Olavi	Olli	Oskari	Torsti	Valdemar

Female

Asla	Asta	Disa	Liina	Liisa	Liisu
Linnea	Signe	Stiina	Tiina	Trina	Ulla

Germanic

Male

Aadolf	Albert	Alfred	Asser	August	Aukusti
Edvard	Eemil	Elmer	Ernesti	Gösta	Gyosti
Harri	Heini	Heino	Henri	Henrik	Henrikki
Herman	Hermanni	Kaarle	Kaarlo	Kai	Kaj
Klaus	Kustaa	Kusti	Kyösti	Otto	Raine
Rainer	Valtteri	Verneri	Vilhelm	Vili	Viljami
Ville

Female

Elsa	Else	Elsi	Elvi	Elviira	Heidi
Heikki	Heini	Helga	Heljä	Helka	Hellä
Helle	Hertta	Irma	Irmeli	Jutta	Karoliina
Liisa	Liisi	Marleena	Tilda	Vilhelmiina

Christian/Biblical

Male

Aaron	Aatami	Antero	Antti	Benjamin	Daavid
Daniel	Elias	Eliel	Eljas	Esa	Esaias
Gabriel	Hannes	Hanni	Hannu	Iisakki	Immanuel
Jaakkima	Jaakko	Jaakob	Jaakoppi	Jami	Jani
Janne	Jarkko	Jarko	Jarmo	Jarno	Jere
Jeremias	Jesperi	Jesse	Joakim	Joel	Johannes
Joni	Jonne	Jonni	Joona	Joonas	Joonatan
Joosef	Jooseppi	Jouko	Jouni	Jousia	Juha
Juhana	Juhani	Juho	Jukka	Julius	Juska
Jussi	Juuso	Kasperi	Kristian	Kristo	Lauri
Leevi	Markku	Marko	Markus	Martti	Matias
Mato	Matti	Miika	Miikka	Mika	Mikael
Mikka	Mikko	Niklas	Niko	Nikodemus	Niku
Paavali	Paul	Pauli	Pekka	Pekko	Pertti
Perttu	Petri	Petteri	Pietari	Raafael	Salomo
Salomon	Sami	Samu	Samuel	Samuli	Saul
Sauli	Severi	Simo	Taneli	Tapani	Tapio
Timo	Tomi	Tommi	Toni	Topias	Tuomas
Tuomo	Uljas

Female

Anitta	Anja	Anna	Anne	Anneli	Anni
Anniina	Annika	Annikki	Annu	Annukka	Eeva
Eevi	Eliisa	Elisa	Elisabet	Elma	Elmi
Elsi	Elsie	Elsy	Ester	Esteri	Hanna
Hanne	Hannele	Helmi	Jaana	Janina	Janita
Janna	Jenna	Jenna	Jenni	Johanna	Jonna
Josefiina	Josefina	Kaarina	Kirsi	Kirsti	Klaara
Krista	Kristiina	Kristina	Lea	Leea	Leena
Leeni	Maaret	Maaria	Maarit	Maire	Margareeta
Mari	Maria	Marianna	Marianne	Marika	Marita
Maritta	Marja	Marjaana	Marjatta	Marjo	Marjukka
Marjut	Marketta	Martta	Mataleena	Matilda	Mirjam
Mirjami	Nikka	Paula	Pauliina	Petra	Pia
Piia	Raakel	Ruut	Saara	Salla	Salli
Salme	Sara	Sari	Sarita	Susanna

Foreign

Latin, Greek, Russian, Celtic etc.

Male

Aarto	Aatos	Aatto	Aatu	Ale	Aleksanteri
Aleksi	Aleksis	Ali	Allan	Alvar	Anselmi
Anton	Antto	Arto	Arttu	Artturi	Aukusti
Eemeli	Eevert	Elmo	Harri	Henrik	Julius
Kim	Kimmo	Konsta	Konstantin	Kosti	Lalli
Lari	Lauri	Leo	Mauri	Nestori	Olli
Oskari	Ossian	Patrik	Rauli	Rikhard	Riku
Risto	Silvo	Sylvester	Vihtori	Yrjo

Female

Aliisa	Alina	Alli	Alma	Amalia	Amanda
Anelma	Anita	Anitta	Annikka	Annukka	Aurora
Birgitta	Camilla	Carita	Cathrin	Cathrine	Catrin
Catrine	Chatrin	Chatrine	Elena	Eleonoora	Eliisa
Elin	Elina	Elisa	Ella	Ellen	Elli
Elna	Emilia	Emma	Emmi	Eveliina	Floora
Helena	Heli	Helinä	Heljä	Hellevi	Helli
Hellin	Helvi	Hely	Henriikka	Iines	Iiris
Ilona	Ira	Irene	Irina	Janika	Jasmin
Julia	Kaari	Kaarina	Kaija	Karita	Karoliina
Karri	Katariina	Katarina	Kati	Katja	Katri
Katriina	Katrin	Katrine	Laila	Laura	Leila
Lenita	Linda	Lotta	Loviisa	Lyydia	Marika
Marita	Maritta	Marketta	Minna	Nelli	Niina
Nina	Noora	Olga	Oona	Raisa	Reeta
Reetta	Riika	Riitta	Roosa	Selma	Silva
Sofia	Sonja	Sylvi	Sylvia	Tanja	Tea
Teresa	Tessa	Tia	Tiia	Tilda	Ursula

Combined Names

It is quite common for two names to be linked together to form one

Male

Ari-Pekka	Esa-Juha	Jari-Pekka	Juha-Matti	Juha-Pekka	Jussi-Pekka
Martti-Pekka	Mika-Olli	Olli-Pekka	Simo-Pekka	Tero-Matti	Tero-Pekka
Tuomo-Markus	Veli-Matti	Veli-Pekka	Vesa-Matti	Vesa-Pekka	Ville-Pekka
Ville-Veikko

Female

Anna-Kaisa	Anna-Leena	Annaleena	Annamari	Hanna-Mari	Kirsimarja
Kukka-Maria	Liisa-Maija	Maija-Liisa	Marja-Leena	Marja-Riitta	Meri-Inkeri
Merja-Liisa	Nina-Maarit	Ritta-Leena	Sarianna	Sirpa-Liisa	Ulla-Maija

Surnames

Originally Finns had only one forename followed by a patronymic taken from the genitive form of their father's first name with the suffix 'poika' - son, or 'tytär' - daughter. For example, Jussi Pentinpoika - Jussi, Pentti's son or Ulla Pentintytär - Ulla, Pentti's daughter.

Many family names end in either -la/-lä (Pekkala, Mäkelä) or -nen (Pekkanen, Mäkinen). The names ending with -la/lä originate from western Finland and those ending with -nen from eastern Finland. This division was clearer before WWII but when the Soviet Union conquered most of Carelia, 500 000 Carelian refugees settled in southern Finland, spreading their family names throughout the country. Suffixes and changes of word stems occur when nouns, such as names, are used in one of fifteen different cases.

Where family names contain the letters -la/lä or -(n)en near the end but not actually as an ending, they are in a case other than nominative. For example : 'Pekka(s)en' genitive or 'Mäkelä(ä)' partitive - the case suffix is bracketed.

Some of these may be of Swedish origin.

Aaltonen	Ahlapuro	Ahonen	Ahtisaari	Aikio	Alapassi
Alvar?	Ankelo	Annukka	Anttila	Aulis	Autio
Bohinen	Carpelan	Erkko	Esko	Fisk?	Haapajarvi
Haapakoski	Haapasalo	Haavikko	Hakkarainen	Hakkila	Hakkinen
Hakonen	Halvari	Halvoni	Hämäläinen	Hämeen-Anttila	Hännenen
Hanninen	Hannula	Hanski	Harikali?	Harjanne	Harju
Harkki	Harmaja	Hartikainen	Hartonen	Hästesko	Hättönen
Hattunen	Hautala	Heikkilä	Heikkilä-Laakso	Heiramo	Heiskanen
Hermesniemi	Hesso	Hiltunen	Himanka	Hinkkanene	Hirvonen
Holkeri	Hollo	Honka	Hovi	Huhtamo	Huhtinen
Huotari	Hurme	Hurskainen	Huttunen	Iiasalo	Ikonen
Ilmonen	Ilonen	Immonen	Isomäki	Isometsae	Isosomppi
Isotalo	Jaatinen	Jalkanen	Jallinoja	Jänne	Jarvela
Jarvilehto	Järvinen	Joutsela	Juhana	Juteini	Jutikkala
Jutila	Juusten	Jyrkkiö	Kaku	Kallela	Kallio
Kalmari	Kaltiainen	Kamu	Kankkunnen	Kanniainen	Kantee
Kapanen	Karhu	Karila	Karjalainen	Karpinen	Karppinen
Karsikas	Karttulan	Karttunen	Karvinen	Katajisto	Kauppinen
Kauranen	Kaurismäki	Keinonen	Kekkonen	Kemppinen	Keskitalo
Ketola	Kikkunen	Kiljunen	Kilpinen	Kinnunen	Kirvesniemi
Kivelä	Kivi	Kivikoski	Kivilahti	Kivivuori	Klami
Kohvakka	Koistinen	Koivisto	Koivu	Koivula	Koivunen
Kokko	Kolehmainen	Kollontai	Koppala	Korhonen	Korkiakangas
Korpelainen	Korpi	Koskela	Koskinen	Koutaniemi	Kuetari?
Kuhanen	Kuikkonen	Kuusi	Kuusinen	Kuusisto	Kytölehto
Laakkonen	Laaksonen	Lahtela	Lahtinen	Laitila	Laitinen
Laituri	Lajunen	Länsivuori	Lapio	Lappi	Lappo
Larva	Lassila	Laukkanen	Laukkonen	Laukonen	Lavinen
Lehtinen	Lehto	Lehtonen	Lehväslaiho	Leino	Lemminkäinen
Leskinen	Lievonene	Linkomies	Linna	Lipponen	Liukko
Loivamaa	Louhi	Louramo	Luhtanen	Lusa	Luukkonen
Lyytikäinen	Lyytinen	Määttä	Madetoja	Mäkilä	Mäkinen
Mäkitie	Makkonen	Mallat?	Mannila	Manninen	Mannisenmaki
Marjaana	Marjamaa	Markula	Marttila	Mattila	Mäyrä
Merikanto	Merta	Miettinen	Mikkola	Moilanen	Möttölä
Murto	Mustonen	Muttilainen	Myllylae	Myllyniemi	Näränen
Narhi	Nevakivi	Niemi	Nieminen	Niiranen	Nikkola
Nimonen	Niskakangasi	Niukkanen	Noronen	Nousiainen	Nurmi
Nurminnen	Ojanen	Ollila	Onkeli	Outinen	Paakkonen
Paasikivi	Paasilinna	Paasio	Paasivirta	Pakkarinen	Palonen
Panula	Parkkinen	Parviainen	Pasanen	Pekkala	Pellonpaa
Peltola	Peltonen	Pesola	Pesonen	Peurajärvi	Pietarinen
Pietilä	Pihlajamaa	Pihlavisto	Piipi	Pirinen	Pirnes
Pöljänen	Polvinen	Poutanen	Pöyhtäri	Pulkkinen	Puputti
Puttonen	Puumalainen	Puurunen	Pykkonen	Raevuori	Rahkamo
Rahnasto	Raikkonen	Rantamahu	Rantamäki	Rantanen	Räsänen
Rautiainen	Reema	Reini	Rekiaro	Repo	Riekkinen
Riihivuori	Riikonen	Rinnekangas	Rintala	Rissanen	Roine
Ronkainen	Rönkkö	Rouhiainen	Rovanperä	Ryti	Saarenpää
Saari	Saarinen	Saarisalo	Sala	Sallinen	Salmela
Salo	Salomäki	Salonen	Sandemo	Sariola	Särkilahti
Sarpaneva	Selin	Sievenen	Sievinen	Siilasvuo	Sillanpää
Siltala	Silven?	Sinisalo	Sinkkonen	Sinkonnen	Sirkiä
Sirola	Siurulainen	Siurunen	Sneck?	Soimakallio	Soininen
Soisalo	Sulkunen	Suomalainen	Sutinen	Taina	Taipale
Taitto	Takala	Talonen	Talvela	Tanskanen	Teravainen
Tiihonen	Tikkanen	Toikka	Toiviainen	Toivola	Tokoi
Töyli	Trulli	Tuominen	Turja	Turkula	Turtola
Turunen	Tuulari	Tykkylainen	Uusi-Hakimo	Uusitalo	Vaarakallio
Vääräniemi	Vähätalo	Vaijärvi	Väinöla	Vakkuri	Valtonen
Vanhala	Vänskä	Varjo	Varonen	Vatanen	Vatoren
Verkko	Vihavainen	Vilkuna	Virén	Virjonen	Virtanen
Vuorio	Waltari	Weilin	Wirkkala	Wuorinen	Yli-Ranka

Pronounciation

ä	like 'a' in bad
a	as in laugh
å	like 'o' in more
i	like 'e' in these
e	like st 'e' in there
o	like 'o' in holy
ö	like 'u' in burn
j	like 'y' in yes
ng	like 'ng' in thing

The first syllable of a word is always stressed in Finnish. Long vowels are generally indicated with two letters ('tuuli' - wind). With double consonants, it may be easier to have a very small pause between syllables (Jus-si).

Vowels

There are three types of vowels in Finnish:

back-vocals (a,o,u)

front-vocals (ä,ö,y)

neutral vocals (e,i).

Back-vocals and front-vocals cannot exist in the same word in the Finnish language. Neutral vocals can exist with either group so 'Mäkela' is a spelling mistake (ä and a in same word) but 'Mäkelä' is correct. Similarily, 'aurinköinen' or 'ayrinkoinen' would be wrong, but aurinkoinen is correct. This rule means that Finns are likely to mispronounce words of foreign origin such as Olympialaiset (Olympic Games), where there is a 'y' with back-vocals. 'Olympialaiset' is easily changed to 'Olumpialaiset' in common speech. The rule does not apply to words composed of two individual words but it applies to the component parts. For example, jääkuutio (jää - ice, kuutio - cube) is valid.

There is some similarity to Latin and other such languages, so that most forenames ending in 'a' (Marja, Katja, Laura, Elina) are feminine but this only applies to the nominative case as Finnish is a synthetic language and makes extensive use of suffixes.

Religion

The ancient Finns believed that the dead bodies retained some of their former life and revered their ancestors. Death was simply a transition to Tuonela, the lands of the dead, from where the dead observed the living and might occasionally return. It was believed that the dead were able to influence the life of the living, and therefore sacrifices were made in order to keep the ancestors in a good mood. Ancestors were revered up to the ninth generation. Occasionally malignant, unrestful spirits might begin to haunt the living, and there were certain rites to repel them.

The graveyard, kalmisto (pyhä lehto, hiisi) was a sacred grove where most rituals and offerings were made. Each family had also its own special sacrificial ground, usually a tree. There were also sacrificial stones and wells. The ancient religion persisted long after Christianity had entered Finland with shamans and medicine men keeping to the old faith. There is some evidence that some ancient rites were retained up until the C9th in Carelia in addition to Christianity.

Gods

(sing. 'jumala', plur. 'jumalat')

Ukko	chief, growth, rain and thunder
Sämpsä Pellervoinen	growth fertility
Rongoteus [Runkoteivas]	rye
Virankannos	oats
Ägräs	peas, roots and fibre plants
Köndös	agriculture
Vedenemä	fishermen
Hittavainen	hunting
Nyrkäs	hunting
Jumala	word for Christian god

Possibly Fenno-Ugric?

Ilma	air
Kouma	goddess of death
Loviatar	goddess of evil
Mader Atcha	creator

Rural deities

(sing. 'haltija', pl. 'haltijat')

Tuli	fire
Tapio	forests
Ahti	waters and fish
maanhaltija	land, soil

Household spirits

(sing. 'tonttu' pl. 'tontut')

These guarded various parts of the house and if treated with respect could bring good luck.

The Kalevala

This collection of legends and poetry was handed down orally until the nineteenth century. It may contain some folk memory of an iron-using people who lived in Finland in the first millennium B.C. as it records how Ilmarinen the smith taught the Suomalasiet (people of Suomi - then probably south-west Finland, but now the name for the whole country) how to find and work iron. The stories about the virgin Marjatta, who swallows a berry and produces a child which has a stronger magic than the wizard Väinamöinen, may refer to the beginnings of Finnish Christianity.

Ilmarinen perfomed many tasks to gain the hand of the beautiful daughter of Louhi, the evil witch who ruled the lands to the north. One of these was the building of a machine called 'Sampo' which could make grain and money from nothing continuously. Louhi's daughter still refused to marry Ilmarinen so the Kalevala heroes stole Sampo. Louhi pursued them and there was a battle in which Sampo was broken and the pieces fell into the sea.

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This collection of names compiled by Kate Monk. Copyright January 1997, Kate Monk. Last updated February '98. Copies may be made for personal use only.